分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）
一、现在分词和过去分词的区别：
在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；
在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
二、分词的作用
1、作定语
单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns.
He is a retired worker.
分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A have written B to be written C being written D written
答案：D
What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak
答案：B
Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.
答案：B
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A read B reads C to read D reading
答案：D
解析：reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作message 的后置定语，相当于which read, pinned 和 reading的逻辑主语都是 message，它与pin是被动关系，用—ed 形式，与 read 是主动关系，用—ing 形式
2、作状语
现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)
Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.
Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).
Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(让步)
He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)
He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)
______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed
答案：B
There was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A followed B following C to be followed D being followed
答案：B
______ , liquids can be changed into gases.
A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat
答案：C
注意：
选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：
（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。
When______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed
答案：A
______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered
答案：A
3、作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：
The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
She looked tired with cooking.
He remained standing beside the table.
—I’m very______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
—Mm, it does have a ______ smell.
A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant
答案：D
4、作宾语补足语
分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：
I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
I can’t make myself understood in English.
I found my car missing.
I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out
答案：C
5、作插入语
其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到
strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从···判断
all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：
Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。
二、分词的时态
1、与主语动词同时。如：
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.
A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing
答案：B
2、先于主语动词
分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：
Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
做完作业，他出去散步。
______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A Not receiving B Receiving not
C Not having received D Having not received
答案：C
三、分词的语态
通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：
He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人
She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。
不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：
a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
课堂综合练习题：
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, ______ that all children like these things.
A thinking B think C to think D thought
There have been several new events ______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A add B to add C adding D added
I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ______ talking while she works.
A working; stopping B to work; stopping
C working; to stop D to work; to stop
A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ______.
A unsatisfied B unsatisfying C to be satisfying D being satisfied
No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.
A Having made B Make C To make D Making
If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.
A gets B got C to get D getting
As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______
A to use B to be used C to have used D to be using
It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______.
A to make B to be made C making D being made
The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in 2008.
A hold B holding C held D to be held
______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A Faced B Face C Facing D To face
AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A that it is B to be C that it has been D to have been
Don’t sit there ______ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A do B to do C doing D and doing
Faced with a bill for $10,000, ______.
A John has taken an extra job B the boss has given John an extra job
C an extra job has been taken D an extra job has been given to John
He hurried to the booking office only ______ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A to tell B to be told C telling D told
Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A being given B is given C given D was given
Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ______ since the flood hit the area last Friday.
A have been missing B have got lost C be missing D get lost
The bird flu ______ through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far,______ 16.
A sweeps; killed B swept; killing C sweeping; to kill D sweeping; killing
The man ______ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.
A being suspected B suspecting C suspected D to be suspected
The students entered the classroom, smiling and ______ , and ______ down to have their lessons.
A talked; sat B talking; sitting C talking; sat D talked; sitting
——Have you ever heard of an American president called Chester A. Arhur?
——No , and he’s not mentioned in my history book at all. He seems ______
A to have been completely forgotten B having completely forgotten
C to have completely forgotten D completely forgetting
With the magazine An Express Way to English ______ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.
A helping B helped C has helped D to help
It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents don’t approve ______
A of Richard and me staying out late at night
B of me and Richard staying out late at night
C to Richards’s and my staying out late at night
D when Richard and me stay out late at night
A communicative satellite ______ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.
A weighing B weighed C to be weighed D being weighed
______ of stealing money from the bank, he was questioned by the police.
A Accusing B Accused C Having accused D To accuse
答案：1~5 ADCAA 6~10 CDBBD 11~15 ADCAB 16~20 CADCC 21~25 ADAAB
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