分词(分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。)
一、现在分词和过去分词的区别:
在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义;
在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
如:falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶
二、分词的作用
1、作定语
单个分词作定语,分词前置。如:
The sleeping boy is my son.
The excited people rushed into the building.
A lost opportunity never returns.
He is a retired worker.
分词短语作定语,分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give,left等作定语也后置。如:
The girl standing under the tree is my niece.
The building built last year is our library.
This is the question given.
There is nothing interesting.
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如:
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists
The first textbook ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A have written B to be written C being written D written
答案:D
What’s the language ______ in Germany?
A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to speak
答案:B
Prices of daily goods ______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.
答案:B
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A read B reads C to read D reading
答案:D
解析:reading 与 pinned to the door 一样作message 的后置定语,相当于which read, pinned 和 reading的逻辑主语都是 message,它与pin是被动关系,用—ed 形式,与 read 是主动关系,用—ing 形式
2、作状语
现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.
As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)
Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.
Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).
Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(让步)
He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)
He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)
______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed
答案:B
There was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A followed B following C to be followed D being followed
答案:B
______ , liquids can be changed into gases.
A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat
答案:C
注意:
选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出,分词就用现在分词,反之就用过去分词。试比较:
(Being)Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致,如果不一致,就用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语,一般不用作定语。
When______, the museum will be open to the public next year.
A completed B completing C being completed D to be completed
答案:A
______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A Having suffered B Suffering C To suffer D Suffered
答案:A
3、作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征,过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如:
The film is touching.
The glass is broken.
She looked tired with cooking.
He remained standing beside the table.
—I’m very______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
—Mm, it does have a ______ smell.
A pleasant; pleased B pleased; pleased C pleasant; pleasant D pleased; pleasant
答案:D
4、作宾语补足语
分词和不定式一样,在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如:
I smell something burning.
I heard him singing the song.
I heard my name called.
I can’t make myself understood in English.
I found my car missing.
I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A carry out B carrying out C carried out D to carry out
答案:C
5、作插入语
其结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到
strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从···判断
all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如:
Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。
二、分词的时态
1、与主语动词同时。如:
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。
The secretary worked late into the night, ______ a long speech for the president.
A to prepare B preparing C prepared D was preparing
答案:B
2、先于主语动词
分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done。如:
Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.
做完作业,他出去散步。
______ a reply, he decided to write again.
A Not receiving B Receiving not
C Not having received D Having not received
答案:C
三、分词的语态
通常情况下,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。如:
He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人
She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。
不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像:gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如:
a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
课堂综合练习题:
We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, ______ that all children like these things.
A thinking B think C to think D thought
There have been several new events ______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A add B to add C adding D added
I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ______ talking while she works.
A working; stopping B to work; stopping
C working; to stop D to work; to stop
A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ______.
A unsatisfied B unsatisfying C to be satisfying D being satisfied
No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed
______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.
A Having made B Make C To make D Making
If you think that treating a woman well means always ______ her permission for things, think again.
A gets B got C to get D getting
As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting ______
A to use B to be used C to have used D to be using
It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______.
A to make B to be made C making D being made
The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______ in Beijing in 2008.
A hold B holding C held D to be held
______ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A Faced B Face C Facing D To face
AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A that it is B to be C that it has been D to have been
Don’t sit there ______ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A do B to do C doing D and doing
Faced with a bill for $10,000, ______.
A John has taken an extra job B the boss has given John an extra job
C an extra job has been taken D an extra job has been given to John
He hurried to the booking office only ______ that all the tickets had been sold out.
A to tell B to be told C telling D told
Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A being given B is given C given D was given
Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ______ since the flood hit the area last Friday.
A have been missing B have got lost C be missing D get lost
The bird flu ______ through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far,______ 16.
A sweeps; killed B swept; killing C sweeping; to kill D sweeping; killing
The man ______ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.
A being suspected B suspecting C suspected D to be suspected
The students entered the classroom, smiling and ______ , and ______ down to have their lessons.
A talked; sat B talking; sitting C talking; sat D talked; sitting
——Have you ever heard of an American president called Chester A. Arhur?
——No , and he’s not mentioned in my history book at all. He seems ______
A to have been completely forgotten B having completely forgotten
C to have completely forgotten D completely forgetting
With the magazine An Express Way to English ______ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.
A helping B helped C has helped D to help
It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents don’t approve ______
A of Richard and me staying out late at night
B of me and Richard staying out late at night
C to Richards’s and my staying out late at night
D when Richard and me stay out late at night
A communicative satellite ______ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.
A weighing B weighed C to be weighed D being weighed
______ of stealing money from the bank, he was questioned by the police.
A Accusing B Accused C Having accused D To accuse
答案:1~5 ADCAA 6~10 CDBBD 11~15 ADCAB 16~20 CADCC 21~25 ADAAB
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